python introduction
Sección: Programación
Creado: 06-04-25
Comments with #
f a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it will give you an error:
>>> n # try to access an undefined variable
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'n' is not defined
In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable _. This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example:
>>> tax = 12.5 / 100
>>> price = 100.50
>>> price * tax
12.5625
>>> price + _
113.0625
>>> round(_, 2)
113.06
Python supports other types of numbers, such as Decimal and Fraction. Python also has built-in support for complex numbers, and uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part (e.g. 3+5j).
Strings in single quotes ('...') or double quotes ("..."). \ can be used to escape quotes.
The print() function produces a more readable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escaped and special characters:
>>> '"Isn\'t," she said.'
'"Isn\'t," she said.'
>>> print('"Isn\'t," she said.')
"Isn't," she said.
>>> s = 'First line.\nSecond line.' # \n means newline
>>> s # without print(), \n is included in the output
'First line.\nSecond line.'
>>> print(s) # with print(), \n produces a new line
First line.
Second line.
raw strings
>>> print('C:\some\name') # here \n means newline!
C:\some
ame
>>> print(r'C:\some\name') # note the r before the quote
C:\some\name
Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the + operator, and repeated with *:
>>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium'
>>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium'
'unununium'
Strings can be 0 indexed:
>>> word = 'Python'
>>> word[0] # character in position 0
'P'
>>> word[-1] # last character (negative indices start from -1)
'n'
Slice
s[:i] + s[i:] is always equal to s
>>> word[42] # the word only has 6 characters
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range
>>> word[42:]
''
If you need a different string, you should create a new one:
>>>
>>> 'J' + word[1:]
'Jython'
len() returns the length of a string
Lists
>>> squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
>>> squares[0] # indexing returns the item
1
>>> squares[-1]
25
>>> squares[-3:] # slicing returns a new list
[9, 16, 25]
>>> squares + [36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
lists are a mutable type
>>> cubes.append(216) # add the cube of 6
>>> letters[2:5] = ['C', 'D', 'E']
Remove elements in a list
>>> letters[2:5] = []
>>> letters[:] = []
>>> len(letters)
Nested Lists
>>> x = [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]]
>>> x[0]
['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> x[0][1]
'b'
Multiple assignment
a,b = 0,1
Firsts steps towards programming
>>> # Fibonacci series:
... # the sum of two elements defines the next
... a, b = 0, 1
>>> while b < 10:
... print(b)
... a, b = b, a+b
...
1
1
2
3
5
8